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{{SMS_at_a_glance_cartesian_grid_module|Heading===At a glance==}}

The 2D Cartesian Grid Module contains tools used to construct 2D Cartesian finite difference grids. These grids consist of cells aligned with a rectilinear coordinate system. 

Some models limit the grid to be defined with square cells, others limit to constant sized rectangular cells, while others add the flexibility of having variable sizes to the cells (variable row height or column width. 

It is strongly recommended that grids be created through the [[SMS:Map Module|Map Module]]. The grid module currently includes interfaces for:

*[[SMS:BOUSS-2D|BOUSS-2D]] - phase resolving Boussinesq wave energy and circulation model
*[[SMS:CMS-Flow|CMS-Flow]] - hydrodynamic circulation specifically adapted for coastal zone
*[[SMS:CMS-Wave|CMS-Wave]] - wave energy model
*[[SMS:STWAVE|STWAVE]] - wave energy model
*[[SMS:TUFLOW|TUFLOW]] - Coastal, Riverine, and Urban hydrodynamic model with emphasis in flooding applications

==Grid Types==
[[Image:GridType1.gif|right|frame|Types of 2D Grids Supported by models SMS. (a) Mesh-Centered Grid (b) Cell-Centered Grid.]] 
Multiple types of grids are supported in the 2D Grid module.  Generally, a grid can be classified as either a mesh-centered grid or a cell-centered grids. With a mesh-centered grid, the data values are stored at the corners of the grid cells.  The [[SMS:BOUSS-2D|BOUSS-2D]] model is an example of this type. With a cell-centered grid, data values are stored at the cell centers. Both [[SMS:STWAVE|STWAVE]] and [[SMS:CMS-Wave|CMS-Wave]] are example of this type.  In additions, a model may generate data at the faces of the cells.  In the most complicated cases, a model will use and/or output data in multiple locations.  [[SMS:CMS-Flow|CMS-Flow]] is an example of this type.

When a [[SMS:Data Sets|data set]] is imported to a cell-centered grid, there is one value in the data set for each cell.

In Cartesian grids, row and column boundaries are straight. Each cell center or grid node can have a unique elevation. The grid can also be rotated about the Z axis if desired.

==Creating and Editing 2D Grids==
=== Creating 2D Grids ===
The two main techniques used to create 2D grids are: the '''''Create Grid''''' command and the [[SMS:''Map -> 2D Grid'']] command.

=====Create Grid=====
:A new grid can be created by selecting the '''''Create Grid''''' tool from the [[SMS:Cartesian Grid Tools|''Cartesian Grid Tools'']]. With this tool active, the user can create a grid by clicking on three points in the graphics window. The first click defines the origin of the grid, the second click defines the orientation of the grid and length of the ''I'' axis and the third click defines the length of the length of the ''J'' axis.  Once the user clicks three times defining the three points, the [[SMS:''Map -> 2D Grid'']] dialog appears.    The values include:

:'''Grid Geometry''' - This section allows the user to specify the origin, orientation and size of the grid.  The fields of these quantities are populated with default values based on the three points.  The orientation is measured as an angle from the positive X axis.

:'''Cell Options''' - This section allows the user to specify the number of cells in each direction in the grid.  Several options are available.  The user can specify sizes in the I (Delta U)and J (Delta V) directions or a number of columns and rows.  If the ''Use Grid Frame Size'' toggle is checked, the grid will exactly match the dimensions specified in the ''Grid Geometry'' section.  If that option is not checked, the last row and column may extend beyond the specified lengths.  This allows the user to specify exact grid size, or exact cell size.

:'''Depth Options''' - The elevations or depths assigned to each cell or node can be specified as a single value, or the user may select a [[SMS:Data Sets|data set]] to interpolate from.

:'''Current''' - For models that support currents, the user may also specify if current field either as a constant, or interpolated from a vector [[SMS:Data Sets|data set]].

The type and orientation of the grid generated is controlled by the current Cartesian Grid Model. 

For some models, specific grid helps are available via a button at the bottom of the dialog.

=====Map -> 2D Grid=====
:The [[SMS:''Map -> 2D Grid'']] command is used to construct a 2D grid using a grid frame feature object in a the current coverage. When the '''''Map -> 2D Grid''''' command is selected, the dialog appears as described above.

:If one or more refine points are defined in the conceptual model, the number of rows and columns in the grid will be automatically determined when the grid is created. Thus, these fields cannot be edited by the user and will be dimmed. If refine points are not defined, the user must enter the number of rows and columns.

=== Editing 2D Grids ===
Each of the cells in a 2D grid can be active (water) or inactive (land). An inactive cell is ignored when contours or vectors are displayed on the grid and by the numeric engine during computation.  If a cell has the potential of becoming active (due to wetting/drying or a similar process), it should be classified as active. Cells status is specified by selecting the cell and assigning a status through the model menu.

Rows and columns can be added to an existing grid that supports variable row/column size by using the '''Insert Row''',  '''Insert Coumn''', '''Drag Row''', or  '''Drag Coumn''' tool.  (See [[SMS:Cartesian Grid Tools|2D Grid Tool Palette]])

==Smoothing 2D Grids==
It may be useful to smooth the spatial data stored on a 2D grid for a number of reasons.  These reasons include:
* In order to conserve the amount of disk spaced required to store a DEM, many DEM formats store elevations rounded to the nearest integer value. This causes elevation changes to occur in discrete steps rather than smoothly, as would be the case in nature. In regions of low relief, rounded elevations can cause an area to be artificially "flat." 
* Surveys may include anomalies.  Smoothing algorithms blend these bad data points into the surrounding values.
* Data sets may include spurious noise either from physical conditions such as waves or numerical filtering.  Smoothing can dampen these variations.

When you right click on the grid in the Project Explorer, operations for the grid appear in a pop up window.  One of these is the [[SMS:Grid Smoothing|smooth]] operation.

==Converting 2D Grids==
2D Grids may be converted to other types of data used in SMS, such as a [[SMS:Scatter Module|Scattered Data Set]] of [[SMS:Mesh Module|2D mesh]]. 2D Grids can be converted by right clicking on the grid in the Project Explorer.

==Cartesian Grid Module Tools==
See [[SMS:Cartesian Grid Tools|Cartesian Grid Module Tools]] for more information.

==Cartesian Grid Module Menus==
See [[SMS:Cartesian Grid Module Menus|Cartesian Grid Module Menus]] for more information.

== Related Topics ==
* [[SMS:Cartesian Grid Display Options|Cartesian Grid Display Options]]
* [[SMS:Spectral Energy|Spectral Energy]]
* [[SMS:Cartesian Grid Find Cell|Cartesian Grid Find Cell]]
* [[SMS:Cartesian Grid to Scatter|Cartesian Grid to Scatter]]
* [[SMS:Modules|SMS Modules]]

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